Understanding Multiple Myeloma
Understanding Multiple Myeloma
Blog Article
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which help the body fight infections. In patients with multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, leading to several complications, including weakened bones, kidney issues, anemia, and a compromised immune system.
This condition is also known as IgG myeloma when it involves the overproduction of immunoglobulin G, the most common type of antibody. The overabundance of these abnormal antibodies can crowd out healthy blood cells and create proteins that may damage the kidneys and other organs. Early diagnosis and comprehensive care are essential to managing this complex disease effectively.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unclear, but certain factors may increase a person's risk. These include age (most patients are diagnosed after 60), a family history of the disease, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and having a history of other plasma cell disorders like monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). While it is not an inherited disease, genetic mutations are often found in the malignant plasma cells of patients.
Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma can be asymptomatic in its early stages. As the disease progresses, patients may experience bone pain, particularly in the back or ribs, fatigue, frequent infections, and unexplained weight loss. Some individuals develop hypercalcemia, which can cause nausea, constipation, excessive thirst, and confusion. Because symptoms can be vague or mimic other conditions, it’s essential to seek medical advice if persistent health issues arise.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
To diagnose multiple myeloma, a range of tests may be conducted. These include blood and urine tests to detect abnormal antibodies, imaging studies like X-rays or MRIs to identify bone damage, and bone marrow biopsy to examine Multiple Myeloma plasma cells directly. Accurate diagnosis is vital for determining the stage of the disease and planning effective treatment.
Multiple Myeloma Treatment
Treatment for multiple myeloma varies depending on the patient’s overall health, the extent of disease progression, and the presence of symptoms. Common treatments include targeted therapy, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, and stem cell transplantation. Targeted therapy focuses on drugs that attack specific abnormalities in cancer cells, while chemotherapy destroys rapidly growing cells, including the abnormal plasma cells.
Stem cell transplantation may be recommended for eligible patients, often following initial chemotherapy to reduce cancerous cell numbers. In many cases, treatment also involves medications to manage complications such as bone damage, anemia, and infections. Immunotherapy, a newer option, helps the body’s immune system recognize and attack myeloma cells more effectively.
Comprehensive Care at Multiple Myeloma Care Centres
In Singapore, institutions such as SingHealth offer dedicated multiple myeloma care centres where patients benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. This includes coordinated care from hematologists, oncologists, pharmacists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals. Personalized treatment plans and supportive services, such as counseling and pain management, are integral to improving patients' quality of life.
Living with Multiple Myeloma
While multiple myeloma is currently considered incurable, it is highly treatable. Many patients live for years after diagnosis, especially with advances in therapies and access to specialised care. Regular follow-ups, lifestyle adjustments, and emotional support play a significant role in disease management. Awareness of symptoms and adherence to treatment plans help patients maintain stability and reduce the likelihood of complications.
Conclusion
Multiple myeloma is a challenging but manageable condition when detected early and treated comprehensively. Understanding the disease, accessing the right care, and staying informed are key to living well with this diagnosis. For patients and families navigating this journey, support from experienced care teams at specialised centres like those under SingHealth provides not only expert treatment but also hope and reassurance for the future.